Project documentation, specifications and discussion Essay

Project documentation, specifications and discussion - Essay Example Introduction This project was started following revelations that the current website of 1K bride was lacking some important features while some features were added unnecessarily. These problems were identified mostly by the staff and interested customers. The problems included: Out-dated website: not compatible in some internet browser; ‘internet explorer’ Incomplete website: some categories are left with empty spaces Inconsistent photos: different sizes of photos Repeated information: too much words, too much explanation could cause confusion to clients rather than clarify. Inconvenient search: in need of adding ‘side bar’ function for easier, and accurate search of dresses No search engine services: very limited ways for clients in finding our website Having realized the prospects of a good website, the company endeavored to improve it for greater achievement. The website improvement started a month ago with the first step being the briefing of 1K National Online Campaigner to engage the proposed online developers. This was followed by a detailed discussion of the upcoming project. A benchmarking exercise, whereby there was a comparison between the existing 1K bride website and similar websites. The main objective of the benchmarking exercise was to determine the general users’ expectations and industry standards could be clearly defined. This paper therefore presents the final product of the project starting from identification of the website limitations to the mock-up website. The mock-up program in this report comprise of improvements that reflect the requirements of the company, the expectations of the clients and staff, standards within the industry and elements that are vital to intercultural communication. 1.1 Methodology The following method was the appropriate one in the quest for improving the 1K website. Analysis and benchmarking This is the initial stage of the project. It is all about benchmarking exercise to iden tify the requirements for website development and the ultimate results that ensured that expectations of the clients and the general users are met. Not only the expectations of the general users but even the goals and objectives of the company be met after the improvement of the website. Contemporary professional communication issues The stage focused on the identification and discussions of issues related to professional communication. In particular, the project discusses in details digital literacy and how if affects the development and improvement of the proposed 1K bride website. Implementation of the proposed changes The completion of the first and second steps resulted to the third step which is all about implementation of the necessary changes. In a more elaborate way, this step involves additional of some features to realize 1K Bride organizational goals, redesigning the structure and the content of the structure to meet the taste and preferences of the users, and the elimin ation of the words that does not promote

In this report I will start by exploring Essay Example for Free

In this report I will start by exploring Essay In this report I will start by exploring the history of the Computerised Tomography (CT) scanner and the technological advances which have made this type of medical imaging one of the most successful in its field. In addition, I will give a detailed explanation of the physics used to generate and manipulate a three-dimensional image. These images are used by physicians to diagnose cancers and vascular diseases or identify other injuries within the skeletal system, which can cause millions of deaths each year. This area of research has been chosen because I plan to enter the world of medicine in the next academic year. Medicine is constantly changing and developing. Cost containment and limitations reimbursed for high-tech studies such as CT and Magnetic Resonance imagining (MRI) are part of the future for the health care system. For CT to grow, or at least survive, it must provide more information than other imaging modalities in a cost-effective, time-efficient manner and at this present time it is able to achieve its aim. History: Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is also known as CAT scanning (Computed Axial Tomography). Tomography is from the Greek words tomos meaning slice and graphia meaning describing. The first CT scanner was invented in Britain by the EMI Medical Laboratories in 1973 and was designed by the engineer Godfrey N Hounsfield. Hounsfield was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his contributions to medicine and science. Figure 1. 0 (below left) show the first ever CT scanner produced, with its designer Hounsfield: Foster E. (1993) and Imaginis. com state that: the first clinical CT scanners were installed between 1974 and 1976. The original systems were dedicated to head imaging only, but whole body systems with larger patient openings became available in 1976. CT became widely available by about 1980. According to Imaginis. com, at this present time there are approximately 6,000 CT scanners in the United States and about 30,000 worldwide. However, it should be noted that many third-world counties do not have the financial capability to purchase CT scanners and as a result do not posses them. The first consignment of CT scanners developed by the EMI took several hours to acquire the data for a single scan. In addition, it would take days to reconstruct a single image from this raw data. Bell J.(2006), suggest that modern CT scanners can collect up to 4 slices of data in about 350ms and reconstruct a 512 x 512 matrix from millions of data in less than a second. Since its development 36 years ago CT has made advances in speed, patient comfort and resolution . A bigger volume can be scanned in less time and artefacts can be reduced as faster scans can eliminate faults caused from patient motion. Another advance took place in 1987. Bushong C. S (2004) suggests that, in the original CT scanners the x-ray power was transferred to the x-ray tube by high voltage cable; however modern CT scanners use the principle of slip ring. This is explained in more detail under advances. Figure 1. 1 (below right) shows what a modern CT scanner looks like. CT examinations are now quicker as well as being more patient-friendly. Much research has been undertaken in this field, which as a result has led to the development of high-resolution imaging for diagnostic purposes. In addition, the research has also reduced the risk of radiation by being able to provide good images at the lowest possible x-ray dose. Principles and Components of CT: CT scanners are based on the x-ray principle; x-rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves which are able to pass through the body. Roberts P. D (1990) states, that as they are absorbed or attenuated at different levels, they are able to create a matrix of differing strength. In x-ray machines this matrix is registered on film, whereas in the case of CT the film is replaced by detectors which measure the strength of x-ray. To understand how a CT scanner works in more detail, I shall start by looking at the equipment used. Firstly, we must analyse the basic components which make a CT scanner work. These are the gantry, operating console and a computer. Figure 1. 2 shows the order in which the information passes. Figure 1.2 shows only basic components; other components will be explained later in the course of this report. Arguably, the most important part of a CT scanner is the gantry. Gantry: According to Foster E (1993) and Impactscan. org, the gantry consists of an x-ray source. Opposite the x-ray source, on the other side of the gantry, is an x-ray detector. During a scan a patient will lie on a table which slides into the centre of the gantry until the part of the body to be scanned is between the x-ray source and detector. The x-ray machine and x-ray detector both rotate around the patients body, remaining opposite each other. As they rotate around, the x-ray machine emits thin beams of x-rays through the patients body and into the x-ray detector. Figure 1. 3 shows the inside of a gantry. The detectors detect the strength of the x-ray beam that has passed through the body. The denser the tissues, the less x-rays pass through. The x-ray detectors feed this information into a computer as shown is Figure 1. 3. Different types of tissue with different densities show up in a picture on the computer monitor as different colours or shades of grey. Therefore, an image is created by the computer of a slice (cross- section) of a thin section of a body. Before advancing any further we must understand the physics behind this process. X-ray tube: The X-ray tube inside the gantry (figure 1. 4) produces the X-ray beams by converting electrical energy into an electromagnetic wave. Graham T. D (1996) and Bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 suggest that, this is achieved by accelerating electrons from an electrically negative cathode towards a positive anode. As the electrons hit the target they are decelerated quickly, causing them to lose energy which is converted into heat energy and X-rays. The anode and cathode form a circuit which is completed by the flow of electrons through the vacuum of the tube. The basic layout of an X-ray tube is shown below (figure 1. 4). Figure 1. 4 shows that a high voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode. This very high potential is supplied by a high-voltage generator. The high voltage is the provider of the electrical energy needed for conversion and thus production of X-ray beams. A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire. Three-phase Generator: Three-phase generators are typical of CT scanners. Ogborn J. (2001) and koehler. me. uk, state that this process can be thought of as three phase AC generators combined into one. The poles of the permanent rotating armature magnet swing past each of the non-permanent stator magnets. This induces an oscillating voltage across each of the three coils. Figure 1. 5 shows a three phase generator. As we can see from figure 1. 5, each of the three coils has a wire leading from it. These three wires join together to form the purple wire that leads to the purple terminal see from figure 1. 5 As the three separate coils are arranged 120i apart, the oscillations of each of these are 120i out phase. This means the purple (or neutral) wire can be quite thin since the different phases add up to approximately zero. The potential difference generated needs to be high; high potential difference has a number of advantages in CT scanners. High potential difference reduces bone attenuation (greater penetration) allowing wider range of image (larger grey scale as bone is not merely white as on normal x-ray- (this will be explained later). In addition, the higher the radiation intensity at the detectors in the gantry, the better the information acquired. Gantry: The Collimator: In this section we shall look at the gantry (figure 1. 3) in more detail. Figure 1. 6 shows a diagrammatic representation of the inside of a gantry. According to Foster E (1993), inside the gantry is a beam restrictor called, collimator. Beam restrictors are lead obstacles placed near to the anode of the X-ray tube (figure 1. 4) and are used to control the width of the X-ray beam allowed to pass through the patient. Beam restrictors are needed as they keep patient exposure to a minimum and also reduce scattered rays. This is very important as X-rays are produced by a centre spot on the anode; they are not all produced at the same point. In addition, restrictors also maintain beam width travelling through the patient, which as a result affects the image quality (stronger beam means better image). The most effective form of a beam restrictor is a collimator. This is situated in front of the X-ray tube and consists of two sets of four sliding lead shutters which move independently to restrict the beam. The Filters: By looking at figure 1. 6 we can see another apparatus positioned between the collimator and the X-ray tube. This is the filter and its job is to remove the long wavelength X-rays produced from the X-ray tube. Impactscan. org suggests that, the X-ray tube produces radiation which consists of long and short wavelengths. However, the filter removes long wavelength radiation as this does not play a role in CT image formation, but increases patient dose. We know that long wavelength radiation is less energetic, and as a result passes through the body and cannot be detected. Furthermore, a person who is very large may not fit into the opening of a conventional CT scanner or may be over the weight limit for the moving table. This could possibly be the next technological advancement in CT scanners. Advantages: The main advantage of CTs is that a short scan time of 600 milliseconds to a few seconds can be used for all anatomic part of the body. This is a big advantage especially for people who are claustrophobic. In addition, it is painless, non-invasive and accurate. As CT scans are fast and simple, in emergency cases they can reveal internal injuries and bleeding quickly enough to help save lives. Also, in this period of economic recession the CT has shown to be cost-effective imaging tool for a wide range of clinical problems. Comparing CT to its competitors the MRI scan, CT is less sensitive to patient movement and can be performed even if the patient has an implanted medical device, unlike MRI. At the present time the CT scanner is superior to the MRI scanner. MRIs are bigger machines, with much more sensitive electronics in addition to requiring bigger support structures to operate them. To sum that all up- MRI machines cost more and this could be the underlying reason that CT are used more than MRI scans. Finally, a diagnosis determined by CT scanning may eliminate the need for exploratory surgery. Risks: The main risk of CT is the chance of cancer from exposure to radiation. The radiation ionises the body cells which mutate when they replicate and form a tumour. However, the benefits of an accurate diagnosis outweigh the risks. In our recent study of ionisation radiation we have learned about the unit of Sievert. Radiologyinfo. org states that a radiation dose from this procedure ranges from 2 to 5 mSV, which is approximately the same as the background radiation received in 4 years. The main risk of CT scanner is cancer; however this is only if they are used excessively. Research for the New Scientist suggests that the risk is very small and the benefits greatly weight it. Summary: In this report I started by looking at the history behind the CT scan and how this medical imaging has taken the science world by storm. I then explained the basic principles behind the scanner. As understanding of these principles grew, we were then led into the physics and a more in depth explanation. The different components of the CT were explained in detail such as the three-phase generator and how an x-ray tube works. This links in with our recent study of physics. During the report we were also able to understand how slip ring and thus helical scanning has proven to be a major advance is this field. Once again, the physics behind this was explained in some detail. The report concluded by looking at the various applications, advantages and risks. The medical imaging world is constantly changing and improving like any field of medicine. Companies are always trying to produce imaging machines which are faster, more accurate, more economical and present less risk to the patient. Therefore, the life span of the CT scanner could be limited with its competitors waiting to emerge in the background. The information in this report is very factual and accurate. I used a variety of sources to obtain the information. Most of the information in this coursework is attained from universities and radiology books. In addition, well-known articles were used from the monthly radiology magazine, Synergy as well as information from the New Scientist and Nature. Synergy is the biggest radiography magazine in the UK, which makes me believe that the information obtained it accurate. In addition, New Scientist and Nature are well established titles which more often than not provide accurate information. The websites I used are all recommended by The University of Hertfordshire to its undergraduates in radiography. This means they are also reliable sources of information. In addition, I also used a number of well recognised radiology books. By using different sources of information, I was able to eliminate any bias or inaccurate information provided in some sources. To sum up, I believe the information provided is accurate and reliable. Bibliography: Book References Allday J, Adams S (2000) Advanced Physics. Oxford University Press Ball J, More D. A (2006) Essential Physics for Radiographers. Blackwell Publishing Bushong C. S (2004) Radiologic Science for Technologist. Mosby Inc Duncan T, (1987) Physics; A Textbook for Advanced Level Students. John Murray Elliott A, McCormick A (2004) Health Physics. Cambridge University Press Foster E (1993) Equipment for Diagnostic Radiographer. MTP Press Limited Graham T. D (1996) Principles of Radiological Physics. Churchill Livingstone. Ogborn et al (2000) Advancing Physics A2. Institute of Physics Roberts P. D, Smith L. N (1990) Radiographic Imaging. Churchill Livingstone Thompson C, Wakeling J (2003) AS Level Physics. Coordinate Group Publication. On Line References Figure 1. 0 obtained from, www. catscanman. net Figure 1. 1 obtained from, www. mh. org. au Figure 1. 3 and Figure 1. 4 obtained from, www. impactscan. org/slides Figure 1. 5 obtained from, www. koehler. me. uk Figure 1. 6 and Figure 1. 7 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides Figure 1. 8 obtained from, www. itnonline. net. Figure 1. 9 and Figure 2. 0 obtained from www. sprawls. org/resources Figure 2. 1 obtained from, www. csmc. edu Figure 2. 2 and Figure 2. 3 obtained from, www. sprawls. org/resources Figure 2. 4, Figure 2. 5 and Figure 2. 6 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides www. radiologyinfo. org (25 February 2009) www. imaginis. com/ct-scan/ (12 March 2009) www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 (15 February 2009) www. impactscan. org/slides (12 March 2009) www. sprawls. org/resources (14 March 2009) Other References Synergy Magazine New Scientist Magazine Nature Magazine.

Health and Well-being for Individuals with Specific Needs

Health and Well-being for Individuals with Specific Needs DOINA BORSAN How the health and social care and system support individuals with specific needs After meeting Mr. Holland family, I can give you a report about his medical and physical state. He had hearing and visual impairment, over the years due to these impairments develops dementia which make him aggressive with people coming in close contact with him. His famil were looking for a placement for him where to have all support and assistance needed in his daily life, and they find that out Care Home is it perfectly fit with Mr. Holland. Mr. Holland has various care needs, for some of them we are fully compliant with it, for other we have to ask support for other professional organization. Visual impairment, in their 10th revision, WHO definitions for visual impairment, low vision and blindness was given in the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death. In their surveys about visual impairments they said that the largest proportion of blindness is related to ageing. Although cataract is not a major cause of blindness, glaucoma is the second cause of blindness globally; age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is the third cause. Other causes of visual impairment are: corneal blindness which may be attributed to trachoma, trauma and vitamin A deficiency depending on area of living; diabetic retinopathy; childhood blindness; onchocerciasis. Jette and Branch in 1985 said that visual impairment as physical disability is it not related with increasing social disability, these are concepts having different determinants. Due to this disability Mr. Holland has a lack of non-verbal communication and misunderstanding of others attitude an d behaviour. The commune way to assisting Mr. Holland is to provide his glasses clean, walking stick if necessary and use style of communication that can minimize the difference that exist such us large print books, colourful/lighting signs and symbols what can help him to deal in the new setting. Hearing impairment,(HI) as a loos or reduction of ability to hear clear , is it other barrier to communicate effectively. As a person who use hearing aid, we had to ensure that is working properly, fitted correctly, had working batteries and is it clean to improve Mr. Holland hearing. Risk factors for HI other than age are genetic liability, infections, trauma, toxicity , diseases and noise exposure. Reduced speech perception and perception of non-verbal sound is it affecting people with HI and their opportunities to communicate effectively is made difficult, and create harmful psychosocial effects of HI. To help Mr. Holland to adapt in our environment due to his hearing impairment we can use a translated typewriter for phone calls, or passing an information, speak clear that he can read on our lips and if this impairment will evolve in time we will ask help for British Deaf Association, which can provide us a qualified British Sign Language, a form of sign language using hands and body language. MAKATON, a system who uses speech, signs and symbols can either help in communication process. Challenging behaviour, defined by WHO as a culturally abnormal behaviour indicated by individual or groups , which causes others problems, and which significantly interferes with the quality of life of all concerned. Causes of challenging behaviour are various, social isolation; stress ;clinical factors – medication, inadequate glasses, empty or no battery in hearing aid; frustration of not doing things like before; mental illness; disempowering by lack of ability to communicate. Some of the signs of challenging behaviour we can see in Mr. Holland by aggression towards others or self harm. The staff need to undergo training to ensure awareness of the types, causes and effects of Mr. Holland behaviour while we are a Care Home with less contact to respond effectively to triggers, signs and symptoms of challenging behaviour. Dementia comes from Latin, demens= dement â€Å"out of one`s mind†, describe brain disorders, a loss of brain function that is usually progressive and severe. A compulsive behaviour, aggression, increasing lack of personal care and personality change is a form of dementia. The damage caused to the brain cannot be repaired but we can learn to live with or to work with people having dementia. In our case Mr. Holland, can be involved in activities that can stimulate his creativity, speech problems can be helped by the appropriate therapy .Using GP`s support to provide help with medication and special investigations , Psychological and Mental health support from professional bodies to make easy integration in our environment. Following the legislation of Equality Act, Discrimination Act, Mental Capacity Act, Human Rights, Confidentiality Act, Institutional Policies and Procedures who protect the individuals in every position, care taker or receiver and CQC Standards which protect de system and make sure that the care standards are up, out Care Home is it aware of legislation in force. Sometimes it can be very hard to really understand people`s needs and we are tempting to rely on stereotyping, not making differences in individual`s needs. With adequate training and well informed about the issues we have to deal with, we can have a good idea about reactions and expectations of the individual. My conclusion is that we are able to coop with Mr. Holland needs and with some support of other organization we can give him an opportunity to live his life at the higher standards of caring. References : Ager A.O`May F.(2001),Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability ,Issues in the definition and implementation of â€Å"best practice† for staff delivery of interventions for challenging behaviour,Vol.26, Issue3,Pp. 243-256 A.C.Davis ,(1989),The Prevalence of Hearing Impairment and Reported Hearing Disability among Adults in Great Britain, International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.18, Pp. 911-917. Berrios,G.E.,(1989),Non-cognitive symptoms and the diagnosis of dementia: Historical and clinical aspects. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol154(Suppl 4),Pp. 11-16. Gilbert CE, Anderton L, Dandona L, Foster A.(1999), Prevalence of visual impairment in children: a review of available data. Ophthalmic Epidemiology,Vol.6:73-82. Jette.A.M Branch G.L.,(1985),Impairment and disability in the aged, Journal of Chronic Disease ,Vol.38, Issue 1 World Health Organization. Prevention of blindness and deafness. Global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness. Geneva: WHO; 2000,Rev2. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, tenth revision. Geneva: WHO; 1993 Wilson DH, Walsh PG, Sanchez L, et al, (1999). The epidemiology of hearing impairment in an Australian adult population. Int. J. Epidemiology, Vol. 28, Pp.247-52. Links http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4681 http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serialpid=0042-9686lng=ennrm=iso http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021968185900086 1

Induced Molting of Layer Birds Essay -- Animals Papers

Induced Molting of Layer Birds Induced molting of layer birds is a practice done for economical benefits. These birds are put under great stress, which should not be allowed. Further studies of humane induced molting techniques should be done to replace those that are currently used and inhumane. In nature birds undergo natural molting. During a year birds will replace all of their feather to maintain a good plumage, this usually occurs at the beginning of winter when birds do not have chicks. They can concentrate their energies to stay warm and to grow new feathers. (Animal Protection Institute, 1998) However, there also is induced molting, which is done by human influence. The later is practiced by 60% - 70% of the layer industry, so that a second cycle of laying flocks is achieved. (Macri et al., 1998) Induced molting occurs when the bird’s organism is stressed by some source that alters their environment. The most common are: lack of food and water, decrease of light, and change in diet. Food withdrawal can be up to 10 days and of water up to 2 days. The change in diet usually is a low calcium, or low sodium and also feeding a diet high in dietary zinc. All of these methods can be done separately or in any combination with each other. (Alodan and Mashaly, 1998). At the end of every laying cycle, egg quality and production are decreased. This is when induced molting is imposed to give a â€Å"rest† to the birds. After the â€Å"rest† period egg quality and production are increased when compared to the pre-molting period. There are several improvements to the egg at the post-molt period; there is a "better egg size, shell quality, internal egg quality and rate of egg production." (Alodan and Mashaly, 1998) ... ...on Caused by Salmonella Enteritidis.† Tektran, United States Department of Agriculture, Agrucultural Research Service (12/18/1998). Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http://www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000007/07/0000070701.html Poultry.org, a Farm Sanctuary Campaign. â€Å"Forced Molting of Laying Birds† Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http://www.poultry.org/molting.htm Ruszler, Paul L. â€Å"The Keys to Successful Induced Molting of Leghorn-type Hens† Extension Poultry Scientist, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Virginia State Univerty. Publication Number 408-026, January 1997. Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/poultry/408-026/408-026.html#TOC Summer/Fall 1998 Poultry Press â€Å"Balancing Economics and Evil† Induced Molting. Last visited on 09/22/2001 at http://www.upc-online.org/summer98/molting_econ_and_evil.html#top

Fast Food, Fat Food Essay

Nowadays, fast food is a very popular trend in Thailand. Teenagers think it is very smart when they go into the fast food restaurant, especially, the restaurant which is a part of foreign franchise restaurants. Not only teenagers that like fast food but also children and adults. In the busy schedule of modern times people have no time to prepare nutritious food during the day so fast food becomes a very convenient choice. However, there are several health issues related to consuming fast food; one serious concern is the connection between fast food and obesity. Because of the growth of fast food restaurants, you can see them located anywhere in daily life. For example, on the first floor of MBK Centre, there are numerous fast food restaurants, such as KFC, McDonald’s and Burger King situated not far from each other. However, at lunch time, you cannot find any seats if you arrive late. Similarly, at Chulalongkorn University there are more than 5 branches of 7-eleven, which is a shop where you can buy fast food such as sandwiches, hot dogs, and hamburgers. You would think that there are not many people there. Although there are many branches, students also have to wait in a long queue. This can show how popular fast food is. Fast food is very popular not only in Thailand but also all over the world. The information from Wikipedia showed that â€Å"Burger King has more than 11,100 restaurants in more than 65 countries, Pizza Hut is located in 97 countries with 100 branches in China, KFC is located in 25 countries and McDonald’s is located in 120 countries on 6 continents and operates over 31,000 restaurants worldwide. † Although fast food is very popular, it is not good for health because fast food is often high in carbohydrates, fat and sodium. Common menu items at fast food restaurants are fried chicken, French fries, hot dogs and ice cream. All of them are made of dangerous ingredients such as low quality bread, high fat meat and salt. The fast food bread is made from refined grains that have been modified from their natural composition, so a fraction of the nutrients in grains are removed, remaining only excessive starchy. Next ingredient is the high fat meat which can cause several health problems. Fat from animal sources is saturated fat that increased the bad cholesterol (LDL) levels which results in adverse negative effects on the health of person’s heart (â€Å"The Importance of Dietary Fat and Cholesterol†). The last dangerous ingredient is the thing that makes fast food has a delicious taste; it is salt or sodium chloride. Scientists from the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition recommend only 4 grams of salt per day because overconsumption of salt will cause high blood pressure and obesity (qtd. in â€Å"Salt†). In fact, according to the CASH survey, a Pizza Hut meal deal, which consisted of a Cheesy Bites Meat Feast, a medium Super Supreme, a portion of garlic bread, a portion of potato wedges, chicken wings, and a cheesecake dessert shared equally between four, could contain 12. 3 grams of salt per person (qtd. n â€Å"Fast food salt levels shocking†). â€Å"People are increasingly being warned against the ill effects of fast food and the potential damage they pose to human health† (Manohar). Many publications write about health problems from fast food such as nutrition deficiencies, increased cholesterol levels and diabetes. However, the most concern is obesity because this can link to many other dangerous health problems. One reason that fast food can cause obesity is because of its high calories. In one day, men need about 2,700 calories and women need about 2,000 calories but you can get excess calories from only one meal with fast food. For example, a KFC meal set includes KFC famous Bowls (Rice and Gravy), a breast of fried chicken, a box of French fries and a 32-oz Gulp of Pepsi. You can gain 790 calories from the bowl, 370 calories from the chicken, 500 calories from French fries and 425 calories from Pepsi, so from all of these you will have about 2,085 calories (â€Å"KFC Nutrition Guide†). As a consequence from the warning in many publications, the danger of fast food is widely known. However, no matter people know how it is linked to many health problems, it is also the popular choice. We cannot avoid fast food completely in our day-to-day life considering its taste, convenience and instant delivery. Fast food is suited to our everyday lifestyle, but, as we know, a little bit of everything is always good while overexposure to that â€Å"little bit† is disastrous more often than not. Fast food is not an exception to this.

minimum wage Essay

minimum wage Essay minimum wage Essay Nick Madison Professor Dobie Final Persuasive Draft 23 April 2014 $7.25 equals two gallons of gas, a couple of school supplies, or a fast food meal. With this current minimum wage you must work one hour to earn these small necessities. This seems like it isn’t even worth your time right? It may seem like this, but I would have to most certainly disagree. The minimum wage should not be raised because it does not reduce poverty, it kills jobs, it leads to fewer jobs for young people, and it causes prices on nearly every good and service to rise. Throughout this paper I am going to try my best at giving you a clearer, logical, and broader understanding of what raising the minimum wage would do to our country as a whole. The biggest reason why many people believe that the minimum wage should be raised is because they think that our minimum wage causes poverty. In 2007, Senior Economics Policy Analyst, James Sherk, reported reasons why poverty is not affected by wage increases. One of the reasons is that the families that are living close to the poverty line are less likely to see any significant change in quality of life. The LA Times evaluated this even further by stating that â€Å"only 11.3 percent of those receiving a raise are living in poverty† (LA Times). Raising the minimum wage would have little to no benefits on the poverty percentage in the United States. Killing jobs is something else that a higher minimum wage would induce on our nation. James Sherk also goes on to claim that, â€Å"an increase in wages will scare off employers from hiring more workers and decrease the amount of hours for existing employees to even out the raise. If you raise the wage above the equilibrium wage for a specific market, then it causes a surplus to the market because the quantity of workers outweighs the quantity of job openings. Most of the estimates suggest that each ten percent increase in the minimum wage reduces employment by approximately 2 percent. This may not seem like a lot of people, but let me exp lain to you how many people would theoretically lose their jobs. There are roughly 143,929,000 people in the work force in the United States. If you multiply that by two percent then that means 2,878,500 have just lost their job. To back this up, a statement by Charles Fuller during the Joint Economic Hearing concerning the minimum wage verifies that raising the minimum wage will kill jobs. He says, â€Å"As an employer, today’s minimum wage allows me to hire unskilled or first-time workers and train them at a wage that is economically feasible. If you raise it, the wage will no longer be feasible and a good portion of these jobs will be lost† (Evidence Against a Higher Minimum Wage). A higher minimum wage helps only those workers who actually end up earning that wage and leaves poor families actually worse off. Raising the minimum wage would be catastrophic for the teenage population. Forbes testified that within six months of the last wage increase in 2009, 600,000 t eens’ jobs disappeared. Again, â€Å"when the minimum wage is increased, a scarcity of jobs is imminent due to a higher cost to the employer† (Mankiw 119). Firms cannot pay a worker more than the value the worker brings to the firm, and teens typically lack sufficient skills for higher paying jobs. So, â€Å"raising the cost of labor raises the incentive for employers to find ways to use less labor† (Mankiw 113). One might argue that a teen could use a higher minimum wage to help save more money for college, but raising a higher minimum wage would also raise the price on the goods and services while they’re trying to save for college; which brings me to my next topic. The prices of goods and services will rise in a similar fashion as the minimum wage if it were in fact to be raised. Imagine that an owner of a pizza parlor had ten minimum wage workers employed at seven dollars an hour. Next